Innovation system differences: funding patterns for applied ‰gR‰h
U.S. universities and industry: competitive government grants
- External funds pay salaries, etc., and serious overhead
Government sources
- NSF, NIH, DARPA, military labs
Matching funds to the university from industry
- Gifts, affiliate programs (relatively little contract research)
Japan univ‰fs: allocated research budgets
- External funds for equipment, extras, minimal overhead
Government sources
- MEXT (inc. old STA), METI (inc. NEDO), MPT
Major government-funded industry, national lab research programs
- Administered/matched by industry consortia